Method of producing syrup containing glucose and fructose

专利摘要:
A glucose/fructose syrup is produced by enzymatically isomerizing an unrefined starch hydrolysate. The hydrolysate is prepared under controlled liquefaction and saccharification conditions to provide an isomerization substrate wherein the concentrations of calcium ions and non-enzymatically generated ketose sugars are maintained at low levels.
公开号:SU1449014A3
申请号:SU823432691
申请日:1982-04-26
公开日:1988-12-30
发明作者:Херст Луис；Эдвард Ллойд Норман
申请人:Набиско Брэндз Инкорпорейтед (Фирма)；
IPC主号:

专利说明:

This invention relates to a technology for producing glucose-fructose syrups.
The purpose of the invention is to reduce the formation of decomposition products of sucrose in the hydrolyzate and increase the stability of the enzyme during isomerization.
A method for producing a glucose and fructose containing syrup is as follows.
The starch obtained from the usual
the source, for example wet grinding of the grain, is washed and an aqueous slurry is prepared from it - a suspension containing 30-35% dry starch substance. It is preferable that the suspension has a low iinim content, i.e. not more than 0.2% of the dry residue in sulphate ash; Tubers or cereals are used as sources of starch, including potatoes, tapioca, wheat, and sorte.
go and corn.
A glucose-containing starch hydrolyzate can be obtained using an acid-enzyme process or an enzyme-enzyme process. In the acid-enzyme process, kram.al is liquefied by first mildly acidic processing, after which the enzyme is used to convert liquefied starch into glucose. In a conventional enzyme-enzyme process, starch is liquefied by treating with OC-amylase, after which glucoamylase is used to convert liquefied starch into glucose. It is preferable to use an enzyme-enzyme method for producing a starch hydrolyzate containing glucose.
The production of starch hydrolyzate containing glucose, which will be subjected to purification prior to subsequent treatment with immobilized glucose isomer, requires careful control of the reaction conditions during liquefaction and psacharium and Dotaspa to apply such reaction times and pI values to inhibit the formation of significant amounts of such substances which adversely affect the stability of the glucose isomerase.
It is also necessary to reduce
The content of calcium ions during substrate isomerization is minimized. Some formulations of 1U-amylase require the presence of a high content of ions.
ten
15
thirty
35
Q
e d. x 490142
calcium to achieve activity during the liquefaction stage. In the case when there is a high concentration of calcium ions during liquefaction, then it should be removed from the hydrolyzate before isomerization. Any methods known for this purpose can be used, such as treating the glucose-containing suspension with oxalic acid, followed by filtration of calcium oxalate.
Therefore, it is preferable to use a type of 0-amylase, which does not require a high concentration of calcium ions to maintain the activity and thermostability of the enzyme. Satisfactory results are obtained using 0-amylase produced by Bacillus licheniformis (Teg-, mamyl-60L o-amylase from Novo Enzyme Corp.). This enzyme is characterized by high thermal stability and activity over a wide pH range, while at the same time it has a reduced dependence on the presence of calcium ions. Another type of suitable o (-amylase that can be used for this purpose is Tako-Therm (Miles la-, 1Gogu, Elkhart, indiana) and ni-Tr: ini.ase (Biocon I no., Lexington,
KP-: I.UCky).
Yrem, during which the liquefaction of starch is dried, due to the teraratu) b. If the starch slurry is heated at low temperatures for a very short time, then. ket remain cooper ;; yy: cr1 but more heat resistant starch particles20
25
55
la, which will not be bolstered by exposure to {amylase, as it is required for reducing the volume of suspension. Application of low n eMnc p; vi ur, liquefaction, namely, tec bc of grain starch, leads to n-gudo-satisfactory results and s-because of the remaining and large amounts of starch and thus practically unsuitable for the action of the enzyme.In the case when the liquefaction is carried out in the presence of o (-amylase, then use et-tbie tempsr; The courses should not be so high as to be detrimental to the active ti employed enzyme.
Especially important is maintaining such reaction conditions so that
during oats and saccharification, do not chemically or nonenzymatically form ketosugars. In particular, the reaction conditions should be maintained so as to ensure that a hydrolyzate is obtained with a calcium ion concentration of no more than 100 ppm. based on the weight of the dry starch substance and the molar ratio of non-enzymatically formed ketosis sugars in relation to hexes less than 2.
It is also preferable that the hydrolyzate contains calcium ions in a concentration of not more than 30 ppm and the molar ratio of non-enzymatically formed ketosugars is less than 1. The molar ratio expresses the number of moles of non-enzymatically produced ketosugars per 100 mole of hexoses. Since the effects of temperature, time, and pH during liquefaction are interdependent, these parameters should be controlled within a relatively narrow range.
The polymer structure of granular starch is not strongly affected by ci-amylase until the granules are gelatinized. Gelation takes place when the starch is heated in water to a temperature range in which the granules swell, and the forces that bind the starch molecules together are weakened sufficiently to cause gelatinization. Since o (α-amylase is thermo-sensitive and tends to denature at Bbmje temperatures of 100 ° C, temperatures below 100 ° C are used to prolong the effective action of the enzyme to liquefy. Since the forces that bind the starch molecules into granules are different in size, some granules gelatinize at temperatures below 100 ° C and become susceptible to the action of o (α-amylase, while others remain undesirable and therefore sufficiently resistant to the action of this enzyme. As a result, It is advisable to liquefy starch with ((amylase in two stages) with a very short intermediate treatment in an autoclave. During the first stage, starch is partially gelled and liquefied to a limited extent to obtain a partial hydrolyzate. The purpose of the autoclaving stage is to further gelatinize the starch resistant to the effects of the treatment in the first stage of liquefaction. The starch hydrolyzate is then liquefied in the second stage to the desired level.
Liquefaction is carried out in two stages.
at a pH in the range of 5.2 to 5.4 and at gelatinization temperatures of starch suitable for enzymatic liquefaction of starch. In the case of wet ground corn starch, it is usually necessary to adjust the quantities (gu pH to the desired range of liquefaction. Calcium compounds, such as slaked lime or calcium carbonate, are usually used for
adjusting the pH in the liquefaction stage (H-Type Al, especially in reactions where o (α-amylase compounds are calcium dependent) are used. Since calcium negatively affects the activity of glucose isomerase, it is preferable to avoid over-adding a source of calcium ion to the hydrolyzate. However, if calcium ions are still added, they should be removed before the isomerization stage, Although there is a goal of a number of substances that can set the required pH during the liquefaction stage, however, preferably using s for this purpose the soluble magnesium compound as glucose isomerase isolated from many microorganisms, require magnesium to optimize their activity.
The number of C-amylase entered
into a pulp, depends on a set of factors, however, it is usually determined by the activity of the enzyme composition, the end of starch in the pulp and the degree of amylolytic conversion required. Usually, in a two-stage liquefaction system,} the second stage has the same amount or several
less SU-amylase than the first one. When mecha- nism in the stages of autoclavorization is carried out, the residual activity of o-amylase in the first stage is practically destroyed. Usually, 6-10 units are added in the first stage. o-amylase activity per 1 g of dry starch and 5-10 units. per g dry starch in the second stage of liquefaction.
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The liquefaction temperatures used in both stages are preferably lower, temperatures in the range of 82-95 ° C are more preferable and the range between 84 and is most preferred. When liquefying at temperatures within the above ranges, satisfactory results are achieved by heating for 1-3 hours.
The first liquefaction step provides a partial hydrolyzate with a degree of elasticity of from about 6 to about 12. After the first liquefaction step, the pulp can be autoclaved to obtain a partial hydrolyzate that is practically free of ungelatinized starch. A longer lasting effect on partially liquefied starch in an autoclave leads to the formation of substances that are undesirable for glucose isomerase, and which must be removed before the isomerization stage in order to prolong the life of the enzyme. Thus, the autoclaving time and
li, is glucoamylase (also referred to as amyloglucose dase, glucoamylase, glucogenic enzyme, etc.). Glucoamylase, produced by a variety of microorganisms, is an exo-amylolytic enzyme that catalyzes the sequential hydrolysis of glucose units from the unrestored ends of starch or amylodextrin molecules. Among the microorganisms that produce glucoamylase, there are certain
 strains of fungi belonging to the genus
15 Aspergillus, strains of the genus Rhizopus and strains of the genus Endomyces.
The saccharification of the liquefied starch composition is carried out under conditions that lead to a high degree of
20 converting starch to glucose.
Preferably, the hydrolyzate contains more than 92% glucose and more preferably, the glucose content is more than 94%. The conditions25 should also be such as not to encourage the repeated synthesis of oligosaccharides from molecules of liberated glucose, as is known
during saccharification reactions with the use of temperature, the glucoamylase should not exceed 2 min. and correspondingly. Prefer. The treatment of the glucoamylase is more efficient to carry out autoclaving, at a dilution at a liquefied starch temperature, and a prolonged suspension, if necessary, for 1 minute, until the content of the solid is found. 35 - 30% and reaching pH pe ,, W Lt / I P PP r VOnrV
In the first stage of liquefaction, being practically inactivated during the autoclave treatment, it is necessary to introduce an additional amount of the enzyme in the second stage of liquefaction. Usually, the amount of o (-amylase in the second stage is approximately equal to that used in the first stage. During the second stage, almost all gelatinized starch granules are ready to interact with the enzyme under the same conditions with the formation of a refined hydrolyzate having a degree of elasticity from 14 to 20, and which is practically free of the original unreacted starch. A conventional hydrolyzate has a degree of elasticity of about 16.
The liquefied starch composition is then treated with a glucogenic enzyme under suitable conditions for the enzymatic conversion of partially hydrolyzed starch to glucose. Typically, the enzyme used for this zetaaction medium is from 4.0 to about 5.0, preferably a pH of 4.6. A sufficient amount of g of the lucamylase composition is then added to provide about
40 0.12 to 0.30 glucoamylase units per 1 g of dry starch substrate after which the suspension is heated to a temperature of 54-62 ° C for a time sufficient to obtain the required degree of conversion. A period of from about 58 to about 60 hours is preferred for treating a slurry of hydrolyzed starch.
To obtain a substrate suitable for isomerization, the hydrolyzate is then filtered to remove the non-starch residue, and the filtrate is preferably evaporated to about 50% dry matter. A soluble salt or salts that are activators of glucose isomerase can be added to the concentrated hydrolyzate, after which the pH
50
55
9014
li, is glucoamylase (also referred to as amyloglucose dase, glucoamylase, glucogenic enzyme, etc.). Glucoamylase, produced by a variety of microorganisms, is an exo-amylolytic enzyme that catalyzes the sequential hydrolysis of glucose components from the unrestored ends of starch or amylodextrin molecules. Among the microorganisms that produce glucoamylase, there are certain
 strains of fungi belonging to the genus
15 Aspergillus, strains of the genus Rhizopus and strains of the genus Endomyces.
The saccharification of the liquefied starch composition is carried out under conditions that lead to a high degree of
20 converting starch to glucose.
Preferably, the hydrolyzate contains more than 92% glucose and more preferably, the glucose content is more than 94%. The conditions25 should also be such as not to encourage the repeated synthesis of oligosaccharides from molecules of liberated glucose, as is known
 about 30% and achieving pH pe ,, W Lt / I P PP r VOnrV
stock medium from 4.0 to about 5.0, preferably pH 4.6. A sufficient amount of g of the lucamylase composition is then added to ensure that
0.12 to 0.30 glucoamylase units per gram of dry starch substrate, after which the suspension is heated to a temperature of 54-62 ° C for a time sufficient to obtain the necessary degree of conversion. A period of from about 58 to about 60 hours is preferred for treating a slurry of hydrolyzed starch.
To obtain a substrate suitable for isomerization, the hydrolyzate is then filtered to remove the non-starch residue, and the filtrate is preferably evaporated to about 50% dry matter. A soluble salt or salts that are activators of glucose isomerase can be added to the concentrated hydrolyzate, after which the pH
7
adjusted from 7 ° to 8.5 by addition of sodium hydroxide solution. Typically, the hydrolyzate is heated to a temperature of 50-70 ° C and held for 20-60 minutes, after which the precipitate is filtered off and suspended solids are removed, which moles form at higher pH levels. Preferred conditions are heating at about 60 ° C. C and aging for about 30 minutes before the re-filtering step. Longer heating of the saccharified solution or heating at temperatures higher up to the isomerization stage should be avoided, and especially the pH should not be adjusted to an alkaline region. Under alkaline conditions, such heating of hydrolysis before its isomerization can lead to decomposition of the substance and the formation of products that inhibit the activity of glucose isomerase.
The isomerization of the crude substrate is advantageously carried out in continuous mode by passing subsoil under suitable conditions through a column or columns containing layers of ovine glucose isomerase immobilisation.
Thus, while maintaining the conditions of liquefaction and saccharification for minimum production, it is non-enzymatic in terms of:, chip: ketosucars the maximum conversion of starch into glucose occurs. Also, as a result of maintaining a low ash content in the original starch pulp and during the post-production stages of the process, less capacity of the ion-exchange resin will be required to demineralize the final glucose-fruit product.
Dextrose equivalent.
The dextrose equivalent (DE) denotes the concentration of reducing sugars present, such as dextrose, and is calculated as an percentage of dry matter. Determined using the E-26 methodology, T1 scans, in the Standard Analytical Methods of the Corn Industry Research Foundation. 1001, Connecticut Ave, N.W. Washington, B.C. 20036.
A90148
Bacteriological activity 0 (amylase.
The activity of bacteriological 5-amylase formulations was determined using a modified standard test procedure AATCC 103-1965 Bacterial Alpha Amylase Enzyme used in Testing, Assay, published in 10 1967 by Technical Documentation of the American Association of Textile Chemists and Chemists- dyes, t, 43, p. B-17D, and B-175,
Modifications of this published 15 test are as follows.
A buffer solution of the starch substrate is prepared by dissolving 25.3 g of dry sodium hydroxide and 340 g of dry granulated potassium dihydro-20 phosphate in the hearth and diluting the solution to 2 liters.
125 ml of the buffer solution is added to the starch substrate cooled and pounded into the paste, after 25 of which the substrate is brought to 500 ml volume.
The pH value of the starch substrate is determined and, if necessary, the pH is adjusted to 6, 05, 30 with a 0.025 M solution of calcium chloride, and dilution of the enzyme sample is used. It is prepared by dissolving i1.1 g of anhydrous granulated calcium chloride in water and bringing 35 liquids to a volume of 4 liters.
The formula for converting units is VAI to licorice:
BAIx2,65 liquvophones, 40 Glucoamylase activity.
Units of G11 glucoamylase (SI) activity denote the amount of enzyme that catalyzes the production of 1 g of dextrose per hour at pH 4.3 in 45 using the procedure described below.
10 ml of a 10% solution of partially hydrolyzed starch (such as Maltrin-10, a product of Grain Processing Co., Muscatiiie, Jowa), co-50 containing 20 mM acetate buffer with a pH of 4.5, is pipetted into a closed reactor, Subclave at 60 ° C. 1 ml of a glucoamylase solution containing 0.03-0.15 Gil is added to the reactor and the contents are stirred, after which the mixture is left to stand for T5 for 1 h at 60 ° C. At the end of the first hour of the incubation period, the effect of the enzyme stop by adding a predetermined volume of 1 M sodium hydroxide solution so as to bring the pH to 8.5-10.5. After that, the mixture is cooled to room temperature.
The 2.5 ml sample of the hydrolyzate thus obtained is transferred to 25 ml of Fehling's solution prepared as described in the case of the determination of the ED. The mixture is then heated to boiling and titrated with standard dextrose solution containing 5 g of dextrose per 1 liter, prepared according to the procedure for determining the ED. The control mixture is prepared and titrated in a similar way as for the sample of the above hydrolyzate, except that 1 ml of glucoamylase solution after one-hour incubation and after adding caustic soda solution. Glucoamylase activity is calculated speduk dim way
SI
g
0.002 "V
W
where V is the total volume of o6pa3ifa hydrolyzate (usually 11.2 ml), ml,
С - volume of standard dextrose solution used for titration of the control mixture, ml
A is the volume of standard dextrose solution used for titration of samples of the hydrolyzate, ml,
W is the mass of the enzyme per 1 ml of the diluted enzyme solution.
Activity immobilized from merase.
The activity of the immobilized from the merase is determined according to the following procedure.
A sample of immobilized isomer containing 1400-2200 1STI is weighed. This sample was washed with a 250-mm flask of 125 ml of dex rose solution (preheated to) and 10 ml of a 0.1 M solution of tris (hydroxymethyl) amino




methane (THAM) with a pH of 7.8. Sample dec
The sterile solution contains 3.33 M dextrose, 20 mM magnesium sulfate, 10 mM sodium sulfite, 100 mM THAM, 1 mM cobalt chloride (pH 7.8). With
A49014
ten

thirty
40
 this solution has a pH of about 7.0. The flask was placed in a water bath at 65 ° C and shaken for 1 hour. The mixture was then filtered under vacuum through a 45-mm coarse ceramic funnel packed with glass fiber previously coated with 1 g of filter aid. The flask
JQ and enzyme Wash with a small aliquot 100 ml each of 100 mM TnaM buffer solution (pH 7.6).
The washed enzyme is transferred to a 250 mm flask containing
15 125 ml of dextrose solution (preheated to 65 ° C). The washed enzyme is then quantitatively washed inside a flask with 10 ml of a 10 mM solution of THAM buffer (pH 7.8), after
20 then shake flask for 60 minutes. Then 12.0 ml of glacial acetic acid are added and the acidified solution is shaken for another 15 minutes. The mixture is filtered under vacuum through a 45-millimeter-five-meter-high ceramic filter with glass fiber pre-coated with 1 g of filter aid. The flask and funnel contents are washed with demineralized water until about 400 ml of filtrate is collected. The filtrate is cooled to and diluted to 500 ml. The optical rotation of the solution is determined in a 2-decimeter cuvette at 25 ° C and is denoted RQ. The cold run experiment is carried out in a similar manner, except that no enzyme is added. Optical rotation in the blank run is also determined at and denoted as R. The degree of isomerization is calculated using the following ratio
(R) S. CD 1
Where
There is a change in specific rotation when fructose is completely converted to dextrose,
sugar concentration in solution (0.15 g / mp); length of the field of a rimetric tube (2 dm).
Fixed activity units (AIS) of the isomerase are calculated following Cp 1 FAH / r IC / Kp-tW,
where K is the reaction rate constant
(1.21 1 rai mg glucose).
t is the reaction time, h (1 h)} W is the sample mass, ri С is the initial concentration per 125 ml of the reaction mixture
1D4901412
(75,000 mg glucose) mg; I is an induction, defined as follows:
fl. 1) 12 p. 1) 1 ln () - I, I (- I),
 e С „e Кр J lei Р
I StK pgde Ig - degree of isomerization
1 mole of fructose at equilibrium (0.513); the degree of isomerization in the molar fraction of fructose, the initial molar concentration of glucose (3.33 M) j Michaelis constant for glucose (0.7 M); Michaelis constant for fructose (1.43 M). One ISII is equal to 15.8 RAI. IGIH is the abbreviation of the International Unit of Glucose Isomerase and is the amount of enzyme that turns 1 micromol of glucose into fructose in 1 minute in a solution containing 2 mol of glucose per 1 liter, 0.02 mol of magnesium sulfate and 0.001 mol of cobalt chloride in 1 l solution at pH 6.84-6.85 (0.2 M sodium maleate) and at 60 ° C. Determination of glucose isomerase is carried out using the method described by N. E. Lloyd et al. In Cereal Chem, 49, No. 5, pp. 544-553 (1972). Determination of saccharides. Analyzes of glucose, fructose, maltose, and other saccharide hydrolysates are performed using high pressure liquid chromatography. The technique is described in Standard Analytical Methods, Corn Refiner s Association, Inc., Method E-61.
The degree of isomerization (% fructose The percentage of fructose obtained by isomerization is determined as follows.
An aliquot of 5 ml of the substrate (the crude hydrolyzate prior to its isomerization) is pipetted into a 100-millimeter volumetric flask and diluted with deionized water to a concentration of about 2.5 grams of dry substance in 100 ml of solution. An aliquot of 5 MP of the liquid resulting from the columns containing immobilized glucose isomerase, through which the substrate flows, is also diluted with deionized water. For dilution
The optical rotation is determined by the substrate substrates and the drain from the column.
The constant (K) is calculated as follows.
K-g
dxlOO

Where
d - dilution 20,
L - length of the rimetric field
cuvette 0.2000 dm change in specific rotation when pure glucose is converted to pure fructose, measured with a mercury lamp: this value is 169.3 °; K 59.08.
Hence,% of fructose in dry weight is 59.08 (,
where oij is the observed rotation of the substrate, °;
 observed flow rotation
from the column, C - the amount of dry matter
in 1 ml of substrate, g. Determination of glucose isomerase stability.
Determination of the reaction rate (K) and the half-life of the enzyme (C). The stability or half-life of the isomerization enzyme is determined by the corresponding equation
1s
I
)
-4693t / t
CR
where Ig is the degree of isomerization in
flow into the reactor, F / (F + G) -,
F is the mass of the fructose fraction in
based on the total weight of dry carbohydrate substrate}
G is the mass of the glucose fraction calculated on the total weight of the dry carbohydrate substrate
I is the degree of isomerizations in the effluent from the reactor, F / (F / G);
13 - 1AD901A1
Ig - value 1 at equilibrium, dry matter of starch 33%, pH 0.514 at 65 ° C at 0.505 with pulps adjusted to 5.2 by adding 60 ° C; MgO and a sufficient amount of d K, - the rate constant of the initial amylase (Termamyl-60L ) to create- (
Et С
Rt
t reactions, g (F + G) h -IGIH, enzyme activity, IGIH; substrate concentration, glucose, g / ml;
flow rate, ml / h; period of floor of the enzyme, h;
reactor operation time, h, K values | - the rate constant of the initial reaction and the value of reason can be calculated; transform: gu the above equation into the following form:
1, Gn n (---) 1st - ;; - - O, 301Q2t /
i e
Log plot dependence
RlnC ---} relative to time I (3 - I -J
is equal to -О.ЗЮЗ / s, hence the value of L О, 30102 / nakloi. Interpolir is-chi-gin (XQ) by time Oh, from the graph you can get
Le - 1o
give activity, -amylases per 1 g of dry starch 7 units. The pulp is placed in a stainless steel coil and held at 8b s for 10 2.5 hours. After this first heat treatment stage, the pulp is pumped to another coil at a temperature in the range of 115-130 s and pressure 3.5-7.0 kg / cm for about
Rln (:
- I
)
. a: 1
.TO
1L1011 reaction speed oo;) ei.iOM,
C1 C -ll
YOG
35
 The initial speed of the reaction (Kg) and the factor that stimulates the half-life of the enzyme (t) provide a suitable indication of the overall efficiency of the whole process. The higher the value obtained for K, T, the greater the efficiency of all pro-. the process in terms of the rate of conversion of glucose to fructose and the effect of the whole process on the half-life of the enzyme used.
Example 1. Nilustrates the proposed method in non-irregular mode. High gluco-isomerase stability is shown, which is achieved by implementing the proposed method. The gluco-isomerase used in this and subsequent examples is immobilized on EAE cellulose.
Grain starch, separated from the grain by wet grinding, is washed with deionized water and thus a pulp is obtained containing
15 1 min The pulp is then cooled to a temperature of approximately 36 ° C, the same amount of of α-amylase is added as in the first heat treatment step, and the pulp is directed to the third heat treatment step 20. In this coil, the characteristics of which coincide with the characteristics of the first coil, the pulp is maintained at 86 C for 2 hours.
25 The liquefied starch is diluted to a solids content of 30% dei; water and is saccharified in a multistage reactor system, which consists of 30 mouth-water mixtures with mixers. Filter booster is added (Dicalite i Cl - t75, GPvKFCO, INC) in amounts
GS la is a dry matter, and then adjusted to pH 4.5 with HC1. Oxy / aerated core. Small composition of t. The first reactor in the reaction system, a sufficient amount of glucose lase (AMG-150, Batch SN 3075, Novo Enzyme Corp.) Is added so that the concentration of glucoamylase units (SI) was 0.27 per gram of dry starch. The contents of the reactor are heated to 58 ° C and then passed in portions through seven auxiliary resistors at the same temperature. The average residence time in the reactor is 7.5 hours. At the end of the cycle, the saccharification is continued, and the solution or solution is passed through a filter previously 5Q coated with a filtering accelerator.
under reduced pressure, 254 mm Hg. to remove any non-starch residues present.
To obtain a substance suitable for isomerization with glucose isomerase, the solution is concentrated to soderl: a 1 and dry matter approximately 50% in
40
45
continuous evaporator. First, the solution is heated to 86 ° C.
amylase (Termamyl-60L) to create activity, α-amylase per 1 g of dry starch 7 u. The pulp is placed in a stainless steel coil and held at 8b for 2.5 hours. After this first heat treatment stage, the pulp is pumped to another coil at a temperature in the range of 115-130 s and a pressure of 3.5-7.0 kg / cm for about
To obtain a substance suitable for isomerization with glucose isomerase, the solution is concentrated to soderl: a 1 and dry matter approximately 50% in
continuous evaporator. First, the solution is heated to 86 ° C.
filter and the filtrate is adjusted to a content of Mg (HSOj) of 0.0025 M. The pH of this substrate is adjusted to 6.0 with MgO, and then to 7.8 with NaOH. Substrate C is prepared, a solution of a sufficient amount of crystalline dextrose in deionized water, and a solution containing 50% dry dextrose is obtained. The solution is adjusted to Mg (HSO,), j 0.0025 M and pH 6.0 with MgO, and then to pH 7.8 with NaOH.
Substrates are then isomerized by passing them through glass columns equipped with
T and o.p and
Influence of conditions of liquefaction and icarization of hectare composition of saccharides of other gustratop and resistive MI1: glucose siz omer gs
Glucose,% dry weight 96,6
Maltose,% dry weight
1 Setosis, molar ratio
Speed constant i
The half-life of the enzyme
Enzyme Efficiency, С К
g (G + F) IGIH -h
.
g (G + F) IGIH
The data of Table 3 indicate that the highest enzyme stability and conversion efficiency is achieved in the case when a non-purified 1 substrate contains a small amount of maltulose. Significantly lower values for sustainability and efficacy are obtained using a crude substrate B containing more maltolose and prepared at higher pH values and you
jacket at 65 C. Each contains about 800 IGIH immobilized glucoisomerase. Substrates are introduced into the columns from top to bottom at a flow rate of 0.3 ML / MZ-1H. Isomerization is carried out continuously for 17 days. Daily samples of substrates and solutions leaving the column are taken to determine the concentrations of fructose and glucose in the substrates and calculate the kinetic: parameters of the isomerization reactions. Neither the substrate A, nor the substrate B is subjected to the scrubbing processes prior to the implementation of Les Isomerization.
The results are shown in table 3.
L; but
3
96.6
99.8
0,
0
0.05
0, iS
0.0 / 5
0.022 0.02
7,000
470
585
17.4
10.1
U, 7
from the local temperatures of the pycloplasia.
 sn: Vf.-i, iJ .i, p.lucheng, -chu:., gchtg reaction
1, .. CHOGK1; | ISM .prozy ;; FuT4fCTТ. E. at
with USE. BUT
Noah from to, subti1i:. uvnt H3OMepii3nu n. crystalline substrate JH: decree: this material is not free from p, .and, pod;: LJ.S.YU.SH activity gpyu.oziograzy and, thus, poses) underlined21 1449014-22
The importance of the conditions under which it is harvested using Tennamyl-60L ot-am- ies is an incomplete substrate. Lazu on a one-stage method with
Example 3. Illustrates the effect of the pH and temperature of autoclaving used during starch liquefaction on the stability of isomerizing enzymes and on the efficiency of the conversion reaction.
Five identical samples of grain table.4.
starch (33% dry matter) ozhiTable 4
JlClJjr 114 D V- l schig- - f
various pH values and autoclaving conditions.
Samples are fluidized under the conditions (duration, temperature, enzyme content) given in
. "
The amount of enzyme (liquophones in α-amyl. Note. Autoclaving time between stages 1 min.
Solutions are analyzed for glucose and maltose content and the ketosucars molar ratio.
20 l of each of the liquefied starch samples were saccharified using the glucoamylase composition (AIS-150 Batch SN 3068, Novo Ensyme Corp.) at a concentration of 0.41 SI. The mixture was adjusted to pH 4.3 and heated at 58 ° C for 32 hours. The saccharified solutions were filtered and evaporated to a dry matter content of 50%, the pH was adjusted to 6.5 with MgO. Then in each sample create a concentration of MgCHSO (j). . 0.0025 M and finally pH adjusted to 7.8. Isomerization results are given.
(determined at 25 ° C) with NaOH. in table.5.
Table 5
The effect of liquefaction pH and autoclaving temperature on glucose isomerase stability and efficacy
turning
The crude solutions are isomerized by passing through glass columns at 60 ° C and containing immobilized glucose isomerase at a flow rate of 0.3 ml / min. the enzyme activity in each column is 800 IGIH.
using Tennamyl-60L ot ami using the one-stage process
table.4.
JlClJjr 114 D V- l schig- - f
various pH values and autoclaving conditions.
Samples are fluidized under the conditions (duration, temperature, enzyme content) given in
. "
 . . The isomerization results are given
The crude solutions are isomerized by passing through glass columns at 60 ° C and containing immobilized glucose isomerase at a flow rate of 0.3 ml / min. the enzyme activity in each column is 800 IGIH.
U490U
sixteen
glucose isomerase. The amount of glucose isomerase activity in each reactor varies from 2,300 g to 5,000 IGIH. Reactors work as follows. The spent reactors at the beginning of the chain are removed and replaced with clean reactors at the end of the chain. Isomerization
15
and kept at this temperature for 4 minutes, then evaporation is carried out at 58 seconds and a pressure of 625 mm Hg. Mg (HSOj) is added in such a quantity that its concentration is 0.002 mol, then the pH of the solution is adjusted to 7.8 (determined at) with an NaOH solution. Then
The solution is pumped through the mixer at a rate of introduction of a coil and a filter from a filter stream of 2.4 ml of substance per minute, with paper at 58 C. This is the concentration of fructose in the final
The isomerization is carried out; the overflow stream is 42-A6%. After the expiration of the residence time, four reactors with catalyst beds in the reactor are sampled by vir, connected in series, and flowing through a flow rate of 60 ° C. The reactors provide the data.
a glass column with a diameter. The results of isomerization of crude 2.54 media with a length of 15.24 cm, containing the hydrolyzate, are presented in varying amounts of immobilized Table 1.
Table
Continuous process of enzymatic isomerization of hydrolysates; effect on enzyme stability
 g (G + F) .4- V g (G + F) IGIH;
Reactor 1 was removed from the initial position in / 20 h of operation and then to the end of the circuit reactor 5.
Periodic analysis of the isomerized solution gives the following values based on the weight of dry matter:
U490U
sixteen
glucose isomerase. The amount of glucose isomerase activity in each reactor varies from 2,300 to 5,000 IGIH. The reactors operate as follows. The spent reactors at the beginning of the chain are removed and replaced with clean reactors at the end of the chain. Isomerization
At a flow rate of 2.4 ml of substance per minute, the concentration of fructose in the final
Fructose,% 44.3 Glucose,% 51.6 DPj (includes di- and polysach17
1449014
41 30
0.28 48.6
REEDS),%
Calcium, ppm Sulfated
ash%
Dry matter
These data, as well as the data presented in Table 1, indicate that glucoeno-fructose syrup containing a large percentage of fruits can be obtained by subjecting the crude starch hydrolyzate obtained under the described conditions to isomerization with immobilized glucose isomerase. These data also indicate that, under the conditions described, the enzymes have a high stability or half-life () and a high degree of enzyme activity.
()
Example 2. Illustrates the effect of different conditions on the liquefaction and saccharification of starch, on the formation of non-enzymatically prepared keto-sugars in the glucose-containing substrate, and on the stability of glucose isomerase used for the isomerization of glucose to fructose.
Starch is liquefied in separate experiments, in one of which an ei-amylase composition obtained from B. licheniformis is used, and in another experiment an amylase composition obtained from B43ubtilus is used, whose activity in. more dependent on calcium content. Liquefaction is carried out in two stages with enzymatic treatment with intermediate autoclaving in order to obtain a partial hydrolyzate that is practically free from granulated or ungelatinized starch.
Two identical starch pulps are prepared, each containing 33% dry matter. A single substrate slurry, A, is treated with a ot-amylase obtained from B. licheniformis, under the liquefaction conditions described in the invention. The other pulp, substrate B, is treated with C-amylase obtained from B. subtilis (Dex-Lo-HC. Wallerste Co.), and the liquefaction is carried out in those
Three substrates are prepared for isomerization with immobilized glucose isomerase. Substrate A was 0.0025 M in Mg (HSO: j) and the pH was adjusted to 7.8 with NaOH solution. Substrate B first
conditions that are commonly used
To liquefy starch using a stoichiometric amount of oxalic acid at pH 4.8 is used. Calcium content in the substrate is reduced to 30 h / mpn calculated on the dry matter. The solution is then re-weaning the enzyme composition.
The conditions in which the liquefaction is carried out are shown in Table 2.
18
T a b l i
C a
ph
pH was adjusted
First stage
Likvofony,
Temperature with
5.2 MgO
14 86
6,6
Cao
33
88
Time h Autoclaving
Temperature with
125
150

ten
eleven
Temperature with
86
88
Time h
Each of the liquefied starch compositions was diluted to a dry matter content of 30%, the pH was adjusted to 4.3 and 0.41 OI g of gluco-amylase was added. Saccharification is carried out at 58 ° C for 32 hours (for substrate A) and 55 hours (for substrate B). The saccharified solutions are filtered and evaporated to a dry matter content of 50% under vacuum at 35 ° C.
Three substrates are prepared for isomerization with immobilized glucose isomerase. Substrate A was 0.0025 M in g (HSO: j) and the pH was adjusted to 7.8 with NaOH solution. Substrate B first
Process stoichiometric amount of oxalic acid at pH 4.8. Calcium content in the substrate is reduced to 30 h / mpn calculated on the dry matter. The solution is then resubmitted from the mole ketose to 100 moles of dehydrohexose; g (G + F) IGIH-.
The content of maltose in the substrates depends on both the pH value during liquefaction and the autoclaving temperature. As shown by the data in Table 5, the maltulose content varies opposite to the half-life of the isomerase, which indicates that the liquefaction conditions, the promotion of non-enzymatic formation of the precursors of maltulose, adversely affect the stability of the enzyme. These data also indicate that the amount of glucose produced during saccharification decreases with increasing maltose content.
Example 4. Illustrates the effect of temperature at which an unpurified substrate is kept up to isomerization on glucose isomerase stability and isomerization efficiency.
The starch is liquefied under the conditions given in Example 3. The saccharified solution is filtered using a Dicalite filter aid, the filtrate is evaporated to a dry matter content of 50%. To concentrate35
The amount of a 5% Mg solution (HSOj) is added to the bath solution so that the substrate is 0.0025 M, and the pH is adjusted to 7.8 with the help of
30 NaOH.
The solution is pumped in portions through a jacketed column maintained at any temperature indicated in Table 6. After a 30-minute stay in the column at one of the indicated temperatures, the substrates are cooled, filtered and analyzed for glucose and ketosugars. Similarly analyze
Q portion of alkaline substrate, which is not subjected to heating.
Substrate portions are isomerized separately without prior purification by passing through jacketed glass columns maintained at 65 ° C, each of which contains an immobilized glucose isomerase layer with 800 IGIHi activity. Isomerization is carried out
gQ for 500 hours at a flow rate of 0.3 ml / min into the column. The results are shown in table 6.
Spreadsheets
The effect of substrate temperature treatment on glucose isomerase stability and conversion efficiency
“Moles ketoei on. 100 moles degindroheksozig (G + F) IGIH
The data of Table 6 indicate that more high-temperature treatment promotes the formation of non-fermenitational-formed ketoshars, in particular fructose, in substrates prepared according to the appropriate conditions of use. liquefaction and saccharification conditions. Accordingly, the glucose content of the substrate is reduced.
Example 5. Illustrates the dependence of the stability of the glucose isomerase and of the eHic activity of the conversion of isome30
3i
The pulp is at 105-107 C for 7 minutes. Then the pulp is cooled to and held at this temperature for 1.5 hours in the second; Meevik. Partial hydrolyzate (dry, substance), have DE U, 6 and free from raw starch, which was established by the test for iodine, before saccharification is kept at.
0 / bagted starch razKchvp kt to content of su: solid substance 30%, pH is adjusted to a value of 4.5 and added
and ci dbl t1 - -lJUJt rv i, riUiiwv-i. -.g-
use of a crude, hydrous, semi-compound (Hovo,
give a concentration of U, 2b and a i ram dss. The treated is heated for 48 hours at 60 ° C while maintaining the above pH. The saccharified solution is then filtered using a Dicalite CP-175 filter aid,
in a known manner.
The method for producing starch hydrolyzate emphasizes that during the purification of the substrate, substances that inhibit the activity of the glucose isomerase must be removed from it.
The starch obtained from the grain with wet nomol is suspended in deionized water to a dry matter concentration of 33%, the pH of the pulp: adjusted to 6.5 with MgO and such an oi-amylase composition obtained from B is added licheniformis (Termamyl-60L) so that its concentration is 20 liquophon 20. dss. The liquefaction is carried out by pumping the pulp at a rate of 12 ml / min through stainless steel coils
50
55
the filtrate is concentrated to a dry matter content of 49.6% in a vacuum evaporator at 43 ° C. An analysis of the solution indicates that the glucose content is 95%, and the maltulose content is about 0.2%.
To prepare the isomerization substrate, a solution of 0.002 M in Mg (HSO,) is prepared. J and the pH is adjusted to 7.9 with NaOH solution. Rast
The pulp is at 105-107 C for 7 minutes. Then the pulp is cooled to and held at this temperature for 1.5 hours in the second; Meevik. Partial hydrolyzate (dry, substance), have DE U, 6 and free from raw starch, which was established by the test for iodine, before saccharification is kept at.
give a concentration of U, 2b and a i ram dss. The treated is heated for 48 hours at 60 ° C while maintaining the above pH. The saccharified solution is then filtered using a Dicalite CP-175 filter aid,
0
five
the filtrate is concentrated to a dry matter content of 49.6% in a vacuum evaporator at 43 ° C. An analysis of the solution indicates that the glucose content is 95%, and the maltulose content is about 0.2%.
To prepare the isomerization substrate, a solution of 0.002 M in Mg (HSO,) is prepared. J and the pH is adjusted to 7.9 with NaOH solution. Rast27
the thief is kept for 20 minutes and then filtered.
The substrate is subjected to isomerisation by immobilized glucose isomerase, without prior refining or purification. Isomerization is carried out by passing the substrate through a column located at 65 ° C and a table
The effect of hydrolyzate pretreatment on glucose isomerase stability and conversion efficiency without purification
Control
99.8
,ten
Moles of ketose per 100 mol of dehydrohexose; (G + F) h;
""
g (G + F) IGIH.
The results indicate that a substrate with a low calcium content and non-enzymatically formed keto-sugars does not require deep refining before isomerization. This fact is in direct contradiction with the previously known in this field.
Example 6 illustrates the isomerization of an unrefined starch hydrolyzate prepared by an acid-enzymatic conversion method.
Starch obtained from the grain by wet grinding was suspended in deionized water to a dry matter content of 33%, the pH of the pulp was adjusted to 2.2 with concentrated hydrochloric acid. The liquefaction is carried out by pumping the pulp under pressure through a stainless steel coil at a rate of 22 ml / min, the pulp is at a temperature of 135-140 ° C for about 4 minutes, then the pressure is reduced to atmospheric. pH adjusted to
14490U.
Holding layer of immobilized glucose isomerase with an activity of 1000 IGIH with a flow rate of 0.4 ml / min. Isomerization is carried out for 570 hours. The crystalline dextrose solution is isomerized under the same conditions as a control experiment. The results are shown in table.7.
0.05
0.026
528
13.7
4.0-4.4 by continuous addition of sodium hydroxide and the temperature is lowered to 60 ° G. Mean D.E. liquefied starch is 18.
Approximately 70 liters of liquefied
starch is saccharified, filtered and concentrated as described in Example 5, except that the pH is maintained at 4.4, and the total saccharification time is 62 hours. The saccharified solution with a dry matter content of 50.3% is adjusted to MgCHSO) so that the concentration of the latter is 0.002 mol, then the rP is adjusted to
7.8 with sodium hydroxide solution. The saccharified solution is subjected to further heat treatment, is iltrated and isomerized under the conditions described in Example 5. Isomerization
carried out for 667 hours
The results shown in Table 8 compare the substrate of isomerized crystalline dextrose with the non-acidified acid-enzymatic sub- 29
stratum. These results indicate that the starch hydrolysis of at, obtained by the acid-enzymatic conversion method, iso-isomerization of the crude starch-hydrolyzed processed
acid and enzyme
Crystal for
ka dextro „„ g, mj:; ) “N 7
(control) 99.8- COJO 0.05 0.026 528 13.7
Acid Enzyme Treatment
90.6 0.10 0.05 0.023 551
 Moles of ketose per 100 mol of dehydrohexose; g (G + F) h 1 SLI - -, (G + F).
Example. Illustrates the use of glucose isomerase obtained from Bacillus coagulans microorganisms for isomerization of glucose to fructose in accordance with the proposed method.
Two starch hydrolyzates are prepared in the cases described in Example 3, with the exception of the liquefaction pH value and the autoclaving temperature. These conditions used for each of formulations A and B are listed in Table 9.
Table 9
I-. - -.- - - - - Composition A Composition B
PH value of liquefaction
5.2
6.7
Autoclaving temperature, h 125 150-160
1АД9014-
A low yield of non-enzymatically obtained ketosucars can be successfully isomerized without refining.
Table 8
12.7
35
The results of analyzes of starch hydrolysates on the content of Mantulose give 0.1% for composition A and an average value of 1.10% for composition B.
Each composition is filtered and concentrated to a dry matter content of 50% in vacuo, then a concentration of 0.0025 M in MgCHSOj is created) after which the pH is adjusted to a value of 40 7.9 with a hydroxide solution. on three . Both formulations of crude starch hydrolysates are continuously passed through a coil at, at a rate of 0, D ml / min., 45, the time of the coil passage is 20 minutes. The compositions are filtered and then isomerized by passing through a jacketed glass column maintained at 65 ° C at a flow rate of 0.4 ml / min. Each column contains a layer of immobilized glucose isomerase (Sweetzyme-Type S.Batch No. 70122, manufactured by Novo Inductrie, Denmark), having 55 total activities of 800.
The results are shown in table 10.
50
Ig
If
Moles ketose per 100 mole dehydr
Igih, -i
(G + F) g (G + F) IGIH
The data in Table 10 show the importance of maintaining conditions leading to a low concentration of maltulose in the unrefined hydrolyzate.
The positive effect on the stability of the glucose isomerase and on the efficiency of the total conversion, which occurs as a result of using the isomerization reaction of the starch hydrolyzate obtained by the proposed method, avoids the need for refining the hydrolyzate to the isomerization stage. With a meticulous


control of the conditions of starch liquefaction; 30 non-fermentable ketosis
la, saccharification and storage, substrates are obtained for which the level of substances that adversely affect the stability of glucose ismerase is such that it becomes possible to economically get more glucose-fructose syrups from unrefined hydrolyzates
Pho. rmula of invention

权利要求:
Claims (5)
[1]
1. A method of producing a syrup containing glucose and fructose, which involves the enzymatic liquefaction of the initial collapse of the first suspension, the enzymatic saccharification of the liquefied suspension, the removal of insoluble particles from the hydrolyzate and the isomerization of the hydrolyzate ;. contacting it with an immobilized glucose isomerase at a temperature sufficient to effect it.
characterized in that, in order to reduce the degradation products of sugars in the hydrolyzate and increase
the stability of the enzyme in the isomerization process, the enzymatic liquefaction of the starch suspension is carried out at pH 5.2-5.4, and the enzymatic saccharification of the liquefied suspension is performed at pH 4-5 and a temperature of 54-62 ° C to obtain a hydrolyzate containing not more than 100 h, / mln. calcium ions based on the weight of dry starch and with a molar ratio
Sugars less than 2 mol per 100 mol hexose units,
[2]
2. Method POP1, characterized in that for liquefaction
glucoamylase is used, which has a HI dependent dependence on calcium ions.
[3]
3. The method according to claim 1, about t l and h a- yu y and with the fact that the content
Capacity ions of no more than 100 ppm are provided by chelating excess calcium before isomerization.
[4]
4. Method POP1, characterized in that the process of liquefaction
with a calcium ion content of not more than 30 ppm.
[5]
5. Method of method 1, which differs from and in that for isomerization, glucose isomerase, adsorbed or bound to DEAE cellulose or anion exchange resin are used.

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DE3215650C2|1986-10-30|

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JPS57186497A|1982-11-16|

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FR2504360B1|1989-04-21|

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BE892986A|1982-10-27|

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CA1178550A|1984-11-27|

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DE3215650A1|1982-11-18|

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FI821467A0|1982-04-27|

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US4376824A|1983-03-15|

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FI75189C|1988-05-09|

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JPH0342880B2|1991-06-28|

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FR2504360A1|1982-10-29|

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MX7612E|1990-03-27|

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GB2097400B|1985-04-03|

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GB2097400A|1982-11-03|

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FI821467L|1982-10-28|

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KR101530123B1|2013-05-20|2015-06-18|콘 프로덕츠 디벨롭먼트, 인크.|Isomaltooligosaccharide compositions containing isomaltulose, methods for preparing the same and uses thereof|

法律状态:

优先权:

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申请号 | 申请日 | 专利标题

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US06/258,183|US4376824A|1981-04-27|1981-04-27|Process for producing glucose/fructose syrups from unrefined starch hydrolysates|

---